FOCUS PROBLEM, THEOLOGICAL ISSUES, QUESTIONS RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE RESEARCH

A. Focus problem

Each research both quantitative and qualitative research is always left out of trouble. But there are fundamental differences between the "problem" in qualitative research "problem" to be solved through research to be clear, spestik, which was brought by researchers still dim, dark and even the complex and dynamic. Therefore, the "problem" in qualitative research is still tentative. Tentative and will evolve or change as researchers in the field.
In qualitative research, there will be several possibilities for the "problem" which was brought by the researchers in the study. The first problem was brought by researchers remain, so that from the beginning until the end of the study together. The second "problem" which was brought upon entering the study researchers developed that expand or deepen the problems that have been prepared.
Due to the extent of the problem too, so in order to quantitative research, the researcher will limit research in one or more variables. Thus the quantitative study was that called boundary problem. Extent of the problem in a qualitative study with focus on the call, which contains subject matter that is still common
The limitations in qualitative research is based on the importance, urgency feabilitas problem will be solved as well as the limitations of power factor, funds and time. An important issue in katakana if not solve the problem through research, the more it will create new problems. The problem is said to urgent (urgent) if the problem is not immediately solved through research, the more it will lose many opportunities to overcome. The problem is said to possible when there are many resources to solve the problem. To assess these issues is important, urgent and feasible, should be conducted through an analysis of the problem
In sharpen research, qualitative researchers establish focus. Spradley stated that "A focused refer to a single cultural domain or a few related dominains" means that the focus was a related domain of social situations. In qualitative research, the determination of the proposals focus more novelty based on the level of information that will be obtained from social situations (field).

B. THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM
Based on the level of explanation, a phenomenon, then in general there are three forms of the formulation of the problem, namely the problem formulation descriptive, comparative and associative.
1.theological descriptive problem is a problem formulation that guides researchers to exploration and social situation or a photograph that will be investigated thoroughly, breadth and depth.
2. Formulation of the problem is the problem formula comparative guide researchers to compare the social context or domain in comparison with one another.
3.Formulation of the problem is the associative or relationship problem formulation that guides the researcher to construct the relationship between social situations or domains with each other. Formulation of the problem associative be divided into three, namely, the relationship is symmetrical, reciprocal or causal and interactive. Causal relationship is a relationship that is cause and effect. Furthermore, reciprocal relationship is a relationship of mutual influence. In a qualitative study on the observed relationships or relationships that are found is reciprocal or interactive.
In quantitative research, the third formulation of the problem is related to the variable of the study, so the researchers are very specific formulation of the problem, and will be used as a guide for researchers to determine the basis of theory, hypotheses, instruments, and data analysis techniques.
Example Formulation of the problem of management
1.Apakah understanding of the people in the organization about the meaning and significance of Management (descriptive problem)
2.Bagaimana working environment or the working atmosphere in the work of the organization? (descriptive problem)
3.Bagaimana planning model that is in use within the organization, both strategic and tactical planning / annual (descriptive problem)
Placement model 4.Bagaimanakah people who occupy positions in the organization (descriptive problem)
5.Bagaimanakah models of coordination, leadership, and supervision are on the run in that organization? (problem associative)
6.Bagaimanakah pattern of income and expenditure budget organization? (issue associative)
7.Bagaimanakah patterns of supervision and control is done within the organization? (descriptive problem)
8.Apakah performance of the organization is different from other organizations similar (comparative issue)

C. RESEARCH QUESTION
The core of the study is due to a problem that needs to be addressed, there is a phenomenon that is not yet known and it is important to know. How researchers to formulate it clearly is to make research the questions that will be answered in this study.
The question in this research is the question of effective, interesting, relevant, must be clear, and can be researched. The characteristics to formulate good questions are: Actual, The paradox, and done with a different approach.





The question in this research can be divided into two categories:
a. general research questions
A common question is the question that is more abstract and usually can not be answered directly (as is very common).
For example:
 What factors are related to a student's interest in reading?
b. specific research questions
The specific question is a question that more detailed, more specific and clear. This question can be answered directly because it directly refers to the study data will be needed to answer these questions.
 For example:
common questions:
What factors are related to a student's interest in reading?
 Specific questions:
What is the relationship between the level of parental education with a student's interest in reading?
Is the level of interest in reading is affected by the level of income of the parents?

D. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

In formulating the problem, researchers need to pay attention to some of the terms that usually apply from the aspect of substance, originality aspect (action), formulation aspects and technical aspects. Aspects of the substance or content, keep in mind the weight and value issues, as well as the usefulness or benefits of solving problems through action selected. It should also consider the value applicative to solve similar problems that teachers face, the usefulness and usability methodologies to enrich or correct theory of learning theory that has been adopted.
In terms of originality (action), to think about whether the solution to the model act that is a new thing means teacher has never been done before, at least in the context of the problems that exist at the time of the study. Moderation originality requirement is allowed for in the context of education is not at any time be designed and implemented actions that are completely new. Even more frequent is the application of learning models that have been used before with different learning contexts.
From the aspect of the formulation, the problem should be formulated in the form of a question sentence. Should the formulation of the problem is not a problem inherent in the problem and not a double meaning, but straightforward explicit and specific about what is in question, and the action that is expected to resolve the issue. Examples of problem formulation given above can be used as a general pattern of how these problems are usually formulated PTK.


From the technical aspect of things to note is the feasibility of the problem and the ability of researchers to conduct research and to answer or solve selected problems. Considerations that may be filed as an understanding of the relevant theory teacher and mastery learning methodology chosen to solve the problem, mastery of teaching materials, as well as the facilities available Shaman to perform PTK (funds, time, and energy). It is therefore recommended that researchers chose a simple but meaningful issues, has a practical value for teachers and all who collaborate to gain a learning experience (lesson learn) for the development of professionalism.
The problems can be identified and should be formulated clearly defined, specific and operational, is associated with the selection of appropriate actions and results to be achieved.